Carbonation and Corrosion: The Role of Water
From the previous discussion, we can conclude that for the reinforcement to oxidize (rust), the concrete pores need to be partially, not completely, filled with water. This partial filling allows for a continuous supply of air, facilitating the diffusion of oxygen into the concrete mass. This is why concrete structural elements that are permanently immersed in water or constantly wet do not typically experience corrosion problems. In such cases, the pores are fully saturated, preventing oxygen diffusion.
Conversely, if the relative humidity of the environment is low (e.g., below 50%), even if the micropores are permanently filled with water, the capillary pores might not have a continuous layer of water on their walls to act as an electrolyte. This explains why, in some dry regions of Greece, there are frequent cases where the concrete surrounding the reinforcement has been completely carbonated without the reinforcement having corroded.
The presence of water in the pores is also essential during the preparatory stage of corrosion. It’s needed for the transport of any chlorides from the outside towards the rebar, and also for the reaction of CO2 with the dissolved Ca(OH)2 during carbonation. Chloride transport is faster when the pores are almost filled with water, such as when the ambient relative humidity is close to 100% or when the structural element is partially submerged, leading to capillary rise that keeps the pores nearly full.
In contrast, carbonation requires partially filled pores to allow CO2 to diffuse inward. As a result, the rate of carbonation is maximal for relative humidities around 50%.
Because concrete expels water (by evaporation) more slowly than it absorbs it, when relative humidity fluctuates or when concrete is periodically wetted, the average amount of water in its pores is greater than what corresponds to the average environmental relative humidity. This extra water slows down carbonation. This is why concrete exposed to the external environment often carbonates to a lesser depth than its counterpart in contact with internal spaces. However, this inside-outside difference works in the opposite direction for processes favored by a high degree of pore water saturation, such as chloride intrusion and the progression of corrosion after rebar passivation is lost.
Thus, when carbonation (in the absence of chlorides) is responsible for corrosion, the risk of corrosion is maximal for an ambient relative humidity of around 80%. This risk decreases to 1/2 when the relative humidity is 60% or 95%, and to 1/5 when it is 50% or almost 100%.
In the presence of chlorides, however, the risk of corrosion is maximal for a relative humidity of about 90%. It is reduced to 1/2 when the relative humidity is 60% or 95%, and to 1/3 when it is 50% or almost 100%. Therefore, a dry climate (like that of Greece) does not typically favor the corrosion of reinforcements; what usually causes it are wetting-drying alternations.
About Carbonation: Key Points
Chemical Actions:
- Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O
- A small amount of water is required for this reaction.
- Carbonation is limited if the diffusion of CO₂ and humidity is prevented.
- The maximum percentage of carbonation occurs in an atmosphere with a relative humidity of 50-70%. In concrete saturated with water, the diffusion of CO₂ into its pores is prevented, thus limiting carbonation.
Physical Activities:
- Involves the penetration of moisture and CO₂ through the concrete’s porosity.
- Carbonation is limited by improving the concrete’s porosity (making it less permeable).
Consequences:
- Lowering of the concrete’s pH.
- Increased risk of reinforcement corrosion.
Costs and Prevention of Carbonation
The cost of maintenance and repair for buildings and structures that have suffered prolonged carbonation can be substantial, requiring expensive interventions. To avoid further damage, it is crucial to address carbonation in its early stages, and even better, to implement preventive measures before any signs of damage appear.
Mitigation and protection of structures and buildings from concrete carbonation are vitally important to ensure the longevity and durability of the concrete and to prevent the corrosion of the reinforcing steel within. Some key actions that contribute to this protection include:
- During construction:
- Selecting a high-quality concrete mix with a low water-cement ratio.
- Ensuring sufficient concrete cover for the reinforcement.
- Using corrosion inhibitors as admixtures in the concrete mix. These slow down the corrosion process by reducing the rate at which the steel reacts with the carbonated concrete.
- Post-construction:
- Concrete sealing on both horizontal and vertical surfaces protects the concrete from water and exposure to atmospheric carbon dioxide.
- Choosing a suitable and quality waterproofing system not only enhances concrete protection against moisture penetration but also helps, as excessive moisture can accelerate the carbonation process.
- Ongoing monitoring and maintenance:
- Carbonation depth testing is used to assess the extent of carbonation.
- Regular maintenance and immediate repair on structures and surfaces that show damage or any signs of carbonation can prevent further deterioration and dramatically reduce future repair costs.
The implementation of these prevention and repair measures can significantly enhance the protection of structures and buildings against concrete carbonation and extend their service life.